To achieve Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), its government has operationalised the Paris Agreement’s ratification through several climate–energy policies. This article investigates the extent to which these policies have reoriented the energy sector towards achieving the NDC targets. Policy trajectory analysis was chosen to unravel the why, how, and what of relevant energy policy documents. The findings suggest that first, the Ministry of National Development Planning, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources are the central institutions in framing and implementing climate–energy policies. Second, variation in the temporal attribute between documents signals the presence of an intricate web of significant energy policies, which explains the difficulty in synchronising efforts towards meeting the NDC targets. Third, the energy policy trajectory still overlooks renewable energy, which may substantially compromise the nation’s efforts to fulfil its international climate commitments.

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Purpose – This paper aims to explore the extent to which risk communication has been implemented into spatial planning practice in Indonesia by using the coastal area of Subang Regency as a case study. Risk communication in risk-based planning (RBP) is the process of exchanging information about risk and hazards between all actors which emphasizes determining the level of risk acceptance of communities to support appropriate decision making in spatial planning. It has been proven effective in developed countries, but it remains unclear in Indonesia.
Design/methodology/approach – The study uses qualitative methods by analyzing documents and interviews with local stakeholders to explain how risk communication is implemented in RBP at the regency level.
Findings – This study reveals that risk communication is not explicitly incorporated into RBP regulations and impacts its practices. The absence of a clear definition and guidelines in regulations is leading to limited understanding at all government levels. The emphasis on community risk acceptance levels as the core of risk communication in RBP has not been conducted, where the existing focus is still majorly on disaster events. This has led to improper spatial planning decisions.
Practical implications – Incorporating risk communication in RBP is important in spatial planning practice in Indonesia. Without effective community engagement, clear definition and guidelines on community’s acceptable risk levels, spatial planning efforts may not align with local needs, leading to social conflicts and hindering appropriate spatial planning. For instance, land use policy for community that is willing to tolerate the risk should be permitted with specified consideration instead of offering relocation options that potentially lead to social unrest by conflicting with their social, economic and cultural. Integrating risk communication into RBP can result in a more adaptive and appropriate spatial planning decisions.
Originality/value – This study offers a novel exploration of risk communication which is important to be integrated into the RBP in a locality in Indonesia, focusing on both regulatory factors and practices to support appropriate decision making in spatial planning. This paper is important because study on risk communication in RBP in Indonesia is still scarce.

Keywords – Disaster, Hazards, Indonesia, Risk communication, Risk-based planning, Spatial planning
Paper type – Research paper

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Abstract

Spatial planning is expected to facilitate climate change adaptation by directing future spatial and infrastructure developments away from zones that are exposed to climate-related hazards. This study attempts to confirm this understanding by mapping the effects of the various spatial plans on the northern coast of Java, Indonesia. First, the study maps the extent of coastal hazards for the baseline year of 2010 using a GIS-based inundation model. An overlay in GIS demonstrates the influence of spatial plans for the projection year of 2030. This allows for calculating the economic losses of the planned developments. The case study shows that the current provincial spatial plans direct land use conversions along the northern coast of Java to continue to occur in the future. This could significantly decrease the regional capacity in dealing with the exposure to coastal inundation. The analysis also demonstrates that a total area of 55,220 ha of land prone to inundation, consisting of protected area (1488 ha), fishponds (32,916 ha) and agricultural land (20,814 ha), is planned to be converted into industry (13,399 ha) and settlements (41,821 ha). Thus, these areas will be also prone to inundation in 2030. This change would potentially lead to an economic loss of 246.6 billion USD. The spatial plans issued by the national and provincial governments for regulating the future land use on the northern coast of Java have not integrated measures against hazards related to global sea level rise. Meanwhile, many existing developments have already been affected by coastal inundation. Rather than reducing the exposure towards coastal flood hazards, the case study shows that spatial plans could even increase the risk of climate-related hazards and cause higher economic losses. These findings provide a different perspective on the role of spatial planning for climate change adaptation than what is stated in the literature.

The water sector is one of the most important sectors to be influenced by climate change impacts, in the form of water shortage. Currently, for an example, the Java- Bali regions have already faced a deficit in its water balance. Based on climate projections, most regions in Indonesia will suffer from a gradual decrease of water supply due to temperature increase and rainfall changes that will affect the water balance. Combined with estimated population growth rates, increased water demand will cause severe water shortages to occur, especially in Java and Sumatra for the period of 2020-2030. This paper identifies several high risk regions throughout Indonesia based on the national level of climate risk study. It is found that areas which possess high risk on water shortage stretch in some parts of the Java-Bali region, especially in a few locations in the northern and southern of West Java, middle and southern of Central Java and East Java; as well as in the capital of the North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Bengkulu and Lampung (Sumatra), Nusa Tenggara Barat and South Sulawesi. This paper concludes with some possible actions to adapt to the impacts of climate change to water shortage.

Abstrak
Pengembangan Geopark Parahyangan di Jawa Barat merupakan suatu impian bagi Provinsi Jawa Barat sebagai suatu program yang menjadikan Jawa Barat menjadi suatu destinasi wisata serskala
internasional. Geopark yang tidak hanya berbicara mengenai konservasi warisan geologi namun juga berusaha untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Konsep Geopark yang tidak hanya membahas mengenai geologi saja namun lebih kearah management kawasan membutuhkan suatu proses yang cukup lama di dalam pengembangannya. Dari hasil analisis tersebut, maka dibutuhkannya suatu studi yang mempelajari bagaimana ketercapaian dan gap yang masih perlu dilakukan dari proses pengembangan Geopark sehingga memberikan masukan dalam proses pengajuan Geopark Parahyangan menjadi anggota GGN UNESCO.

Kata-kunci : Geopark Parahyangan, Proses Pengajuan, gap proses dan Isu Strategis