The dimensions of the triple bottom-line approach to sustainable devel opment contain inherent con icting goals in implementation. In cases of urban development around the world, this is exemplary for settings in major port cities. Here, mostly economically oriented infrastructure requirements of the ports meet more comprehensive concerns of sustainable urban development. There are inco herent governance systems: Ports are often involved in higher-level national plan ning hierarchies, while urban development is predominantly locally controlled. This is also the case in Jakarta Megapolitan with Tanjung Priok Port, Indonesia, the most prominent and still expanding national seaport. The port expansion is also aimed to be a signi cant hub in one of the world’s maritime axes, which refers to vast urban growth. However, the entire urban economic effects are uncertain, for example, con cerning urban diseconomies of scale or rebound effects, such as traf c congestion,

This report is part of the project “Strengthen national climate policy implementation: Comparative empirical learning & creating linkage to climate finance (SNAPFI), see www.diw.de/snapfi. The project is part of the International Climate Initiative (IKI). The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (BMU) support this initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. More information on IKI can be found at www.international-climate-initiative.com.

The report Climate Finance and Support to National Climate Policy Processes in Emerging Markets explores how international climate finance can strengthen national climate policy processes in developing countries through empirical case studies. Developed as part of the SNAPFI project, it highlights the interactions between international donors and domestic actors in driving transformational change toward low-carbon development. By examining financing instruments, institutional approaches, and implementation modalities, the report provides insights into the effectiveness, challenges, and opportunities of aligning international support with national priorities and policy frameworks. Its findings are intended for policymakers, development practitioners, and donor communities working at the intersection of climate finance and sustainable development.

The Cross-country Study of Indonesia Green Sukuk and REDD+ examines two different climate finance approaches—Green Sukuk and REDD+—as strategic instruments to support Indonesia’s national climate policies and achieve its greenhouse gas emission reduction targets (NDC). Green Sukuk, introduced by the Indonesian government in 2018 as a market-based sharia financing initiative, is used to fund green projects such as renewable energy and environmentally friendly infrastructure, with transparent mechanisms through Climate Budget Tagging. Meanwhile, REDD+ represents a donor-driven, result-based payment scheme focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, supported through bilateral cooperation with Norway. The study highlights how both instruments contribute to policy transformation, financing governance, and sustainable development, while also illustrating the dynamics of interaction between national and international actors in designing and implementing effective and sustainable climate finance in Indonesia

The report Transformational Change Towards Low-Carbon Development in Emerging Economies is a cross-country study under the SNAPFI project, supported by the International Climate Initiative (IKI) and DIW Berlin. Published in July 2020, it analyzes twelve case studies from developing countries to understand how international climate finance (ICF) can drive transformational change toward low-carbon development. The study highlights the importance of aligning ICF with national policies, identifying specific domestic support needs, fostering institutional innovation, encouraging stakeholder participation, and implementing adaptive modalities. Using an empirical approach, the report offers strategic insights for policymakers, donors, and development practitioners to design impactful and sustainable climate interventions.

Pedoman teknis “Guidelines for Climate Change Risk and Adaptation Assessment and for Mainstreaming into Policy” merupakan acuan bagi pemerintah dan pemangku kepentingan untuk menilai risiko perubahan iklim secara sistematis, merumuskan langkah adaptasi yang tepat, serta mengintegrasikan hasil penilaian tersebut ke dalam kebijakan pembangunan nasional dan daerah. Dokumen ini menekankan pentingnya analisis kerentanan, identifikasi sektor prioritas, serta penyusunan strategi adaptasi dan mitigasi yang selaras dengan rencana pembangunan jangka menengah maupun panjang, sehingga dapat memperkuat ketahanan masyarakat dan mendukung pembangunan berkelanjutan yang tangguh terhadap dampak iklim