Calculation of environmental carrying capacity can be done by various approaches. The selection of an appropriate approach determines the success of determining and applying environmental carrying capacity. This study aimed to compare the ecological footprint approach and the ecosystem services approach for calculating environmental carrying capacity. It attempts to describe two relatively new models that require further explanation if they are used to calculate environmental carrying capacity. In their application, attention needs to be paid to their respective advantages and weaknesses. Conceptually, the ecological footprint model is more complete than the ecosystem services model, because it describes the supply and demand of resources, including supportive and assimilative capacity of the environment, and measurable output through a resource consumption threshold. However, this model also has weaknesses, such as not considering technological change and resources beneath the earth’s surface, as well as the requirement to provide trade data between regions for calculating at provincial and district level. The ecosystem services model also has advantages, such as being in line with strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of ecosystem services, using spatial analysis based on ecoregions, and a draft regulation on calculation guidelines formulated by the government. Meanwhile, weaknesses are that it only describes the supply of resources, that the assessment of the different types of ecosystem services by experts tends to be subjective, and that the output of the calculation lacks a resource consumption threshold.

Kebakaran hutan dan lahan (karhutla) di Indonesia menimbulkan degradasi lingkungan, kerugian ekonomi dan gangguan kesehatan. Fenomena Strong El Nino menjadi faktor alam yang memperparah kondisi karhutla, upaya pengurangan risiko karhutla dengan mencegah, mengurangi dan menanggulangi karhutla terus diupayakan pemerintah. Kabut asap karhutla menjadi masalah tersendiri, luasnya wilayah terpapar dan partikel berbahaya mengganggu aktivitas masyarakat terutama gangguan kesehatan. Upaya pengurangan risiko bencana dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan kapasitas, adapun salah satu jenis kapasitas yang ada di masyarakat adalah kapasitas rumah tangga. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah melakukan kajian kapasitas rumah tangga dalam menghadapi bencana kabut asap karhutla, lokasi yang dipilih untuk melakukan studi adalah Kelurahan Bansir Darat, Kota Pontianak-Kalimantan Barat. Pembahasan dimulai dengan menentukan kriteria kapasitas rumah tangga, teknik pengambilan sampel data adalah non probability sampling berupa pengambilan sampel sistematis melalui angket berjumlah 110 dan metode analisis data dilakukan secara kuantitatif deskriptif dan kuantitatif asosiasi. Karakteristik rumah tangga yang teridentifikasi adalah kelompok umur, kelompok pekerjaan dan jenis permukiman, perhitungan kapasitas rumah tangga menunjukkan bahwa 21,82% siap, 28,18% tidak siap dan 50,00% cukup siap menghadapi bencana, ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara kelompok pekerjaan dengan kapasitas rumah tangga dan jenis permukiman dengan kapasitas rumah tangga.

The spatial planning in Indonesia has been based on the concept of sustainable development, however, the process is considered insufficient to deal with the current dynamic changes and future uncertainty due to global economic pressure. In order to cope with such complex challenges there is an urgent need to prepare resilient spatial plans in responding to major continuous change. The framework of social-ecological systems was used to identify the dynamic interactions between the ecological and social components of the problem of land-use conversion in the Northern Bandung Area. Using a system dynamics model, this research found that the root of such complex problem is the continuous transfer of land ownership. The study ran simulations by applying economic incentives (EIs) in an effort to control land ownership transfer. The simulations show that implementing high effort EIs can decrease the rate of conversion into built-up areas and the degradation of carrying capacity.

Spatial planning is expected to facilitate climate change adaptation by directing future spatial and infrastructure developments away from zones that are exposed to climate-related hazards. This study attempts to confirm this understanding by mapping the effects of the various spatial plans on the northern coast of Java, Indonesia. First, the study maps the extent of coastal hazards for the baseline year of 2010 using a GIS-based inundation model. An overlay in GIS demonstrates the influence of spatial plans for the projection year of 2030. This allows for calculating the economic losses of the planned developments. The case study shows that the current provincial spatial plans direct land use conversions along the northern coast of Java to continue to occur in the future. This could significantly decrease the regional capacity in dealing with the exposure to coastal inundation. The analysis also demonstrates that a total area of 55,220 ha of land prone to inundation, consisting of protected area (1488 ha), fishponds (32,916 ha) and agricultural land (20,814 ha), is planned to be converted into industry (13,399 ha) and settlements (41,821 ha). Thus, these areas will be also prone to inundation in 2030. This change would potentially lead to an economic loss of 246.6 billion USD. The spatial plans issued by the national and provincial governments for regulating the future land use on the northern coast of Java have not integrated measures against hazards related to global sea level rise. Meanwhile, many existing developments have already been affected by coastal inundation. Rather than reducing the exposure towards coastal flood hazards, the case study shows that spatial plans could even increase the risk of climate-related hazards and cause higher economic losses. These findings provide a different perspective on the role of spatial planning for climate change adaptation than what is stated in the literature.

This paper aims to compare five smart city models selected based on a number of specific criteria. Following the comparison and assessment performed, we draw conclusions and further linkages identifying the components and characters found in resilient cities. The purpose of this analysis is to produce a new approach and concept: the “smart and resilient city.” Through in-depth literature study, this paper analyzes five conceptual smart city models deemed to have a background, point of view, and benchmark towards software group, as they focus on welfare,inclusion, social equality, and competitiveness. Analyzing the strategies, methods, and techniques of five smart city models, this paper concludes that there has been no inclusion of resilience concepts in the assessment, especially in the context of natural disasters. Basically, the models are also interrelated and there are some things that overlap. As a recommendation, there is a model that tries to combine the components and character of smart city and resilient city intoone entity that is embedded as a whole in a conceptual picture towards the new concept, the "smart and resilient city". The concept of smart city and resilient city go hand in hand with each other and thus are interrelated. Therefore, it is imperative to study that concept deeper, in this case primarily in the context of disaster.