Indonesia is developing a new capital, Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN), which is expected to become a megacity in Southeast Asia. Although promoted as a sustainable city integrated with tropical ecosystems, its potential impact on future temperature increases remains unclear. This study uses mesoscale climate projections with the official land-use plan and the SSP5-8.5 scenario to assess surface air temperature changes in and around IKN. The model simulated urban heat islands (UHIs) in the western and eastern parts of IKN, with the western UHI being strongest and slightly extending northward to rural areas owing to the southerly background wind. Results show that the global warming exerts a larger effect on temperatures than urbanization. Early nighttime temperatures increase by up to 0.78 °C from urbanization alone, 1.9 °C from global warming, and 2.54 °C when both effects are simulated in the mid-twenty-first century. Low wind conditions further amplifies the warming, especially in upwind regions. The finding provides critical insights for mitigating potential heat stress and refining spatial planning in IKN and its surrounding regions.

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Purpose – This paper aims to explore the extent to which risk communication has been implemented into spatial planning practice in Indonesia by using the coastal area of Subang Regency as a case study. Risk communication in risk-based planning (RBP) is the process of exchanging information about risk and hazards between all actors which emphasizes determining the level of risk acceptance of communities to support appropriate decision making in spatial planning. It has been proven effective in developed countries, but it remains unclear in Indonesia.
Design/methodology/approach – The study uses qualitative methods by analyzing documents and interviews with local stakeholders to explain how risk communication is implemented in RBP at the regency level.
Findings – This study reveals that risk communication is not explicitly incorporated into RBP regulations and impacts its practices. The absence of a clear definition and guidelines in regulations is leading to limited understanding at all government levels. The emphasis on community risk acceptance levels as the core of risk communication in RBP has not been conducted, where the existing focus is still majorly on disaster events. This has led to improper spatial planning decisions.
Practical implications – Incorporating risk communication in RBP is important in spatial planning practice in Indonesia. Without effective community engagement, clear definition and guidelines on community’s acceptable risk levels, spatial planning efforts may not align with local needs, leading to social conflicts and hindering appropriate spatial planning. For instance, land use policy for community that is willing to tolerate the risk should be permitted with specified consideration instead of offering relocation options that potentially lead to social unrest by conflicting with their social, economic and cultural. Integrating risk communication into RBP can result in a more adaptive and appropriate spatial planning decisions.
Originality/value – This study offers a novel exploration of risk communication which is important to be integrated into the RBP in a locality in Indonesia, focusing on both regulatory factors and practices to support appropriate decision making in spatial planning. This paper is important because study on risk communication in RBP in Indonesia is still scarce.

Keywords – Disaster, Hazards, Indonesia, Risk communication, Risk-based planning, Spatial planning
Paper type – Research paper

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The purpose of this study was to determine how well KN95 respirators, marketed for children, fit the faces of children aged 6–13 years old in two urban sites with elevated levels of air pollution: Kathmandu, Nepal and Bandung, Indonesia. The wearability of the tested respirators and the children’s style preferences were also assessed. Sixty children, 30 in each country, were recruited and were fit tested with three different ear loop respirators in two combinations (with and without an additional adjustable ear loop clip worn around the head). The fit factor for each respirator was determined using a modified fit test protocol for filtering face piece respirators using a TSI PortaCount™ Respirator Fit Tester 8048. Facial dimensions were measured using callipers. The wearability of the respirators and children’s style preferences were assessed through questionnaires administered after the fit tests. Most fit factors were less than 10, i.e. less than 90 % reduction in exposure. In both countries, using an additional ear loop clip was associated with increases in fit factor of 42 and 50 % for Indonesian and Nepalese respirators, respectively. There were no significant differences among the respirators for any of the perceptions: comfort, feeling hot, breathability, fit, embarrassment or appearance for either country. The appearance of the respirator was important to the children. Although the use of an additional ear loop clip improved the fit, the respirators were generally too large for the children’s faces to achieve a good fit. Respirators marketed for children should be better designed to suit their facial dimensions

The dimensions of the triple bottom-line approach to sustainable devel opment contain inherent con icting goals in implementation. In cases of urban development around the world, this is exemplary for settings in major port cities. Here, mostly economically oriented infrastructure requirements of the ports meet more comprehensive concerns of sustainable urban development. There are inco herent governance systems: Ports are often involved in higher-level national plan ning hierarchies, while urban development is predominantly locally controlled. This is also the case in Jakarta Megapolitan with Tanjung Priok Port, Indonesia, the most prominent and still expanding national seaport. The port expansion is also aimed to be a signi cant hub in one of the world’s maritime axes, which refers to vast urban growth. However, the entire urban economic effects are uncertain, for example, con cerning urban diseconomies of scale or rebound effects, such as traf c congestion,

Kenaikan suhu permukaan bumi atau pemanasan global (global warming) telah meningkat semakin drastis sejak tahun 1960-an hingga saat ini, dapat dilihat dari observasi yang menunjukkan terjadinya kenaikan suhu lebih dari 1°C pada kurun waktu 2010-2019 relatif terhadap kurun waktu 1850-1900. Pemanasan global tersebut dipicu oleh meningkatnya emisi gas rumah kaca di atmosfer yang berkontribusi terhadap perubahan iklim global. Di laut, pemanasan global yang terjadi di atmosfer juga dapat mendorong berubahnya iklim dalam bentuk kenaikan suhu permukaan, penurunan salinitas, berkurangnya kandungan oksigen di dekat permukaan laut, serta menipisnya lapisan es di kedua kutub dan peningkatan ekspansi termal yang menyebabkan kenaikan muka air laut global (global sea level rise). Seiring dengan pemanasan global, frekuensi kejadian variabilitas iklim regional seperti fenomena El Niño dan La Niña (ENSO - El Niño Southern Oscillation) juga diperkirakan terus meningkat yang akan memperparah bahaya penggenangan pesisir (banjir rob) serta meningkatnya intensitas abrasi yang dapat meningkatkan kerusakan di wilayah pesisir di Indonesia. Dampak perubahan iklim global dan variabilitas iklim dapat memicu bahaya yang secara kumulatif dapat menimbulkan risiko pada berbagai aktivitas manusia di wilayah pesisir dan laut termasuk sektor transportasi, pemukiman, industri, perikanan dan pariwisata. Di sisi lain, faktor antropogenik terutama peningkatan lahan terbangun di wilayah pesisir dapat menaikkan keterpaparan terhadap bahaya perubahan iklim. Seiring dengan meningkatnya intensitas bahaya perubahan iklim seperti kenaikan muka air laut, banjir pesisir dan gelombang ekstrem, maka diperlukan strategi adaptasi perubahan iklim yang mampu meningkatkan kapasitas adaptif wilayah pesisir dan laut. Dalam konteks ini, perencanaan tata ruang dapat berperan sebagai perangkat yang sangat efektif untuk mengatur distribusi spasial dan temporal aktivitas manusia yang adaptif terhadap perubahan iklim di masa depan. Pada realitanya, melalui kajian mendalam pada proses perencanaan dan analisis konten dokumen rencana tata ruang wilayah pesisir dan laut, baik pada level nasional dan provinsi, serta rencana tata ruang wilayah pesisir kabupaten dan kota menunjukkan bahwa meskipun aspek adaptasi perubahan iklim mulai dipertimbang-kan, namun belum cukup mendalam untuk dapat mencapai tujuan penurunan risiko akibat perubahan iklim. Bahkan masih dijumpai, dalam konteks wilayah pesisir sepanjang Pantai Utara Jawa, implementasi rencana tata ruang justru dapat menaikkan keterpaparan terhadap ancaman bahaya banjir pesisir (coastal inundation). Pengarusutamaan adaptasi perubahan iklim ke dalam perencanaan tata ruang menjadi penting untuk dilakukan melalui pengintegrasian kajian risiko dan adaptasi perubahan iklim ke dalam penyusunan tujuan, kebijakan dan strategi pengembangan wilayah, rencana struktur ruang, rencana pola ruang, serta rencana kawasan strategis yang dapat merespon dampak perubahan iklim.